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to trade heavily

Толкование Перевод

1 trade heavily

Общая лексика: вести оживлённую торговлю, вести широкую торговлю

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > trade heavily
2 to trade heavily

to trade heavily/extensively вести обширную торговлю

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > to trade heavily
3 trade

1. n занятие, ремесло, профессия

the trade of weaver — ремесло ткача

primitive trade — кустарное ремесло

skilled trade — профессия требующая высокой квалификации

2. n редк. рабочий; ремесленник

mechanical trades — слесари

3. n отрасль торговли; отрасль производства; отрасль промышленности; промышленность

the building trade — строительная промышленность

to open up a country for trade — открыть страну для торговли

office of international trade — отдел международной торговли

free trade agreement — соглашение о свободе внешней торговли

an opening for trade — благоприятная обстановка для торговли

to balance foreign trade — сбалансировать внешнюю торговлю

4. n торговля

coastal trade — каботажная торговля

domestic trade — внутренняя торговля

foreign trade — внешняя торговля

illicit trade — незаконная торговля; торговля наркотиками

wholesale trade — оптовая торговля

tea trade — торговля чаем

trade in arms — торговля оружием

liberty of trade — свобода торговли

to be in trade — заниматься торговлей

to go into trade — заняться торговлей

to do a lot of trade — много торговать

to drive a good trade — вести оживлённую торговлю

to revive trade — возобновлять торговлю

tariffs put a stranglehold on trade — тарифы душат торговлю

second-hand book trade — торговля букинистическими книгами

quantum of world trade — физический объем мировой торговли

foreign trade multiplier — мультипликатор внешней торговли

law of international trade — право международной торговли

5. n рынок

souvenirs for the tourist trade — сувениры для продажи туристам

trade area — рынок сбыта

black market trade — торговля на черном рынке

6. n деловая активность

trade recession — спад деловой активности

trade advertising — реклама для деловых кругов

fair trade practice — добросовестная деловая практика

favourable trade outlook — благоприятная деловая конъюнктура

7. n собир. торговое сословие; купцы, купечество

trade and gentility — торговое и дворянское сословия

trade discount — торговая скидка, продажа по сниженным ценам

balance of trade surplus — активное сальдо торгового баланса

unfair trade practices — недобросовестная торговая практика

lease of trade name — лицензирование торгового наименования

deficit of the balance of trade — дефицит торгового баланса

8. n собир. торговцы или предприниматели; представители определённой профессии

the woollen trade — торговцы шерстью

color trade shop — предприятие или цех многокрасочной печати

trade union official — официальный представитель профсоюза

trade down — продавать или покупать по более дешёвой цене

terms to the trade — условия продажи розничным торговцам

trade up — продавать или покупать по более дорогой цене

9. n собир. разг. лица, имеющие право продажи спиртных напитков; пивовары, винокуры

trade law — торговое право

later trade — последняя продажа

instalment trade — продажа в рассрочку

instalment selling instalment trade — продажа в рассрочку

trade creditor — лицо, предоставившее коммерческий кредит

10. n собир. издатели и книготорговцы

trade dress protection — охрана упаковки или внешнего вида изделия

11. n собир. мор. разг. подводный флот

12. n собир. розничная торговля; магазин, лавка

to be in trade — быть торговцем, иметь магазин

trade industry — торговля

day trade — торговля за день

sea trade — морская торговля

trade act — закон о торговле

arms trade — торговля оружием

13. n собир. розничные торговцы

retail trade turnover — товарооборот розничной торговли

retail trade sales — товарооборот розничной торговли

trade combination — объединение торговцев; картель

retail book trade — розничная книжная торговля

retail trade system — розничная торговая сеть

14. n собир. клиентура, покупатели

to wait on trade — обслуживать покупателей

trade account receivable — счет расчетов с покупателями

trade receivable account — счет расчетов с покупателями

15. n собир. сделка; обмен

an even trade — равноценный обмен

trade deal — торговая сделка

jobber trade — джобберская сделка

crossed trade — кроссированная сделка

foreign trade exchange — внешнеторговый обмен

trade date — дата заключения\исполнения сделки

16. n собир. полит. соглашение; сделка

barter trade — товарообменная сделка; меновая торговля

foreign trade agreement — внешнеторговое соглашение

trade agreement act — закон о торговых соглашениях

foreign trade transaction — внешнеторговая сделка

reciprocal trade arrangement — встречная сделка

17. n собир. диал. уст. или

18. n собир. образ жизни

trade sample — торговый образец

19. n собир. линия поведения

20. n собир. способ; обычай, привычка

или путешествия туда и обратно; отъезд и приезд; уход и приход

trade custom — торговый обычай

custom in trade — торговый обычай

customs in trade — торговые обычаи

customs of the trade — торговый обычай

usage of trade — торговый обычай, узанс, узанция

21. n собир. уст. диал. или суматоха; тревоги, треволнения

22. n диал. хлам; мусор; отбросы

23. n диал. низы общества, дрянь, шваль

two of a trade never agree — два специалиста редко соглашаются друг с другом

24. a торговый

trade agreement — торговое соглашение

trade balance — торговый баланс

trade preference — торговая преференция

visible trade balance — торговый баланс

trade negotiations — торговые переговоры

trade preferences — торговые преференции

practice of the trade — торговая практика

25. a промышленный; экономический

trade association — промышленное объединение

trade waste — промышленные отходы

Trade Disputes Act — закон о промышленных конфликтах

trade waste disposal — обработка промышленных сточных вод

26. a профессиональный

trade journal — профессиональный журнал

trade paper — профессиональная газета

trade secret — профессиональная тайна

trade secrets — профессиональный секрет

trade newspaper — профессиональная газета

trade education — профессиональное образование

trade test — профессиональные испытания, проверка мастерства

27. v торговать

to trade heavily — вести широкую торговлю

28. v менять, обменивать

to trade knives and beads for skins — обменивать ножи и бусы на шкуры

trade off — меняться местами

29. v обмениваться

we traded seats with them — мы обменялись с ними местами

trade a currency against another — обменивать одну валюту на другую

30. v разг. быть постоянным покупателем; отовариваться

to trade with the local grocer — быть постоянным клиентом местного бакалейщика

be in trade — быть торговцем; иметь магазин

to trade off old goods — сбыть лежалые товары

31. v продавать

trade fair rate — цены, по которым гостиница продает свои услуги на больших гостиничных ярмарках

32. v извлекать выгоду, использовать в личных целях

to trade on the credulity of a client — использовать доверчивость покупателя

trade on — использовать

to monopolize trade — захватить в свои руки всю торговлю

Синонимический ряд:

1. change (noun) change; commutation; interchange; shift; substitution; switch; transposition

2. craft (noun) craft; discipline; field; specialty

3. exchange (noun) barter; dealing; exchange; purchase; sale; swap

4. occupation (noun) art; avocation; calling; employment; handicraft; job; line; livelihood; metier; occupation; profession; pursuit; vocation; work

5. patronage (noun) business; commerce; custom; enterprise; industry; patronage; sales; traffic

6. bargain (verb) bargain; barter; change; commute; deal in; exchange; interchange; substitute; swap; switch; traffic; traffic in; truck

7. patronise (verb) buy; patronise; patronize; purchase; sell; shop

English-Russian base dictionary > trade
4 trade

1. [treıd] n
1. 1) занятие, ремесло, профессия

the tools of one's trade - орудия ремесла, рабочий инструмент

the trade of weaver [of tailor, of shoemaker] - ремесло /профессия/ ткача [портного, сапожника]

the trade of war - военная профессия

a saddler [a potter, a blacksmith, a grocer, a mason] by trade - шорник [гончар, кузнец, бакалейщик, каменщик] по профессии

to put smb. to a trade - учить кого-л. ремеслу

to know one's trade - знать своё дело

to learn one's trade - овладеть своим ремеслом

what's your trade? - чем вы занимаетесь?

2) редк. рабочий; ремесленник

mechanical trades - слесари

2. отрасль торговли; отрасль производства; отрасль промышленности; промышленность

the building [the furniture] trade - строительная [мебельная] промышленность

the publishing [printing] trade - издательское [типографское] дело

3. 1) торговля

coastal trade - каботажная торговля

domestic /home, inland/ trade - внутренняя торговля

foreign /overseas/ trade - внешняя торговля

fair trade - а) торговля на основе взаимной выгоды; б) сл. контрабанда

illicit trade - незаконная торговля; торговля наркотиками

wholesale [retail] trade - оптовая [розничная] торговля

tea [ivory] trade - торговля чаем [слоновой костью] [ср. тж. 4, 2)]

trade in arms [in cotton] - торговля оружием [хлопком]

liberty /freedom/ [prohibition, stoppage] of trade - свобода [запрет, прекращение] торговли

to be in trade - заниматься торговлей [см. тж. 5, 1)]

to go into trade - заняться торговлей

to do a lot of trade - много торговать

to carry on /to engage in/ the trade of smth. - вести торговлю чем-л.

to drive a good trade - вести оживлённую торговлю

to revive [to restrict] trade - возобновлять [ограничивать] торговлю

to put a stop to trade between two countries - прекратить торговлю между двумя странами

trade is at a standstill - торговля находится в состоянии застоя, торговля сошла на нет

he's doing a roaring trade - он ведёт баснословно выгодную торговлю, торговля стала для него золотым дном

2) рынок

souvenirs for the tourist trade - сувениры для продажи туристам

3) деловая активность

trade recession - спад деловой активности

I got caught in what is politely called a trade recession - ≅ грубо /попросту/ говоря, я остался без работы

4. (обыкн. the trade) собир.

1) торговое сословие; купцы, купечество

trade and gentility - торговое и дворянское сословия

to marry into trade - выйти замуж за торговца

2) торговцы или предприниматели (в какой-л. отрасли); представители определённой профессии

the woollen [the ivory, the tea] trade - торговцы шерстью [слоновой костью, чаем] [ср. тж. 3, 1)]

a member of the writing trade - член писательской братии, писатель

the book trade opposes national censorship - книготорговцы выступают против государственной цензуры

3) разг. лица, имеющие право продажи спиртных напитков; пивовары, винокуры

4) издатели и книготорговцы

5) мор. разг. подводный флот

5. 1) розничная торговля; магазин, лавка

to be in trade - быть торговцем, иметь магазин /лавку/ [см. тж. 3, 1)]

2) розничные торговцы

6. клиентура, покупатели

to wait on trade - обслуживать покупателей

to have a lot of trade - иметь большую /богатую/ клиентуру

I think our products will appeal to your trade - я думаю, что наши товары понравятся вашим покупателям

7. 1) сделка; обмен

an even trade - равноценный обмен /-ая сделка/

in trade for smth. - в обмен на что-л.

to make a good trade - заключить выгодную сделку

to take smth. in trade - приобрести что-л. в порядке обмена

2) полит. соглашение; сделка

8. обыкн. pl = trade wind

9. диал. или уст.

1) образ жизни

2) линия поведения

3) способ; обычай, привычка

10. диал. или уст. путешествия туда и обратно; отъезд и приезд; уход и приход

11. уст. или диал. суматоха; тревоги, треволнения

12. диал.

1) хлам; мусор; отбросы

2) низы общества, дрянь, шваль

♢ everyone to his trade - посл. каждому своё

two of a trade never /seldom/ agree - посл. два специалиста редко соглашаются друг с другом
2. [treıd] a
1. торговый

trade agreement /pact/ - торговое соглашение

trade balance [barrier] - торговый баланс [барьер]

trade mark-up - торговая надбавка

trade wars - торговые войны

2. промышленный; экономический

trade association - промышленное объединение [см. тж. 3]

trade fair - промышленная ярмарка

trade journal /magazine/ - экономический журнал, журнал новостей промышленности и торговли [см. тж. 3]

3. профессиональный

trade journal - профессиональный /специальный/ журнал [см. тж. 2]

trade paper - профессиональная газета

trade association - профессиональное объединение [см. тж. 2]

trade jargon - профессиональный жаргон
3. [treıd] v
1. торговать

to trade heavily - вести широкую /оживлённую/ торговлю

to trade in silk [in wool, in cotton, in salt] - торговать шёлком [шерстью, хлопком, солью]

to trade with Egypt [with a foreign firm] - торговать с Египтом [с иностранной фирмой]

2. 1) менять, обменивать

to trade knives and beads for skins - обменивать ножи и бусы на шкуры

to trade a city lot for a farm - обменять городской участок на ферму

2) обмениваться

we traded seats with them - мы обменялись с ними местами

they traded anecdotes - они обменялись (свежими) анекдотами

3. разг. быть постоянным покупателем ( определённого магазина); отовариваться

to trade with the local grocer /at the local grocery/ - быть постоянным клиентом местного бакалейщика

4. продавать (свои политические убеждения и т. п.)

to trade in /on/ one's political influence - торговать своим политическим влиянием

5. (on, upon) извлекать выгоду, использовать в личных целях

to trade on the credulity of a client - использовать доверчивость /обмануть/ покупателя

to trade on one's father's fair name - спекулировать добрым именем своего отца

НБАРС > trade
5 trade

1. n

1) заняття, ремесло; професія, фах

the trade of shoemaker — професія шевця

a mason by trade — каменяр за фахом

the trade of war — військова професія

to put smb. to a trade — учити когось ремесла

what's your trade? — чим ви займаєтеся?, хто ви за фахом?

2) галузь торгівлі (виробництва, промисловості); промисловість

the building trade — будівельна промисловість

3) торгівля

domestic (home, inland) trade — внутрішня торгівля

foreign (oversea) trade — зовнішня торгівля

fair trade — а) торгівля на основі взаємної вигоди; б) розм. контрабанда

retail (wholesale) trade — роздрібна (оптова) торгівля

trade in arms — торгівля зброєю

to do a lot of trade — багато торгувати

to put a stop to trade between two countries — припинити торгівлю між двома країнами

4) (the trade) збірн. торговці; підприємці

the tea trade — торговці чаєм

5) розм. ґуральники, пивовари; особи, які мають право продавати спиртні напої

6) видавці, книготоргові

7) мор., розм. підводний флот

8) роздрібна торгівля; магазин, крамниця

to be in trade — бути торговцем, мати крамницю

9) роздрібні торговці

10) покупці, клієнтура

I think our products will appeal to your trade — гадаю, що наші товари сподобаються вашим покупцям

11) угода (тж політ.); обмін

12) розм. спосіб життя

13) лінія поведінки

14) спосіб

15) розм. звичай; звичка

16) вхід і вихід

17) розм. мотлох; сміття; покидьки

trade allowance — знижка роздрібним торговцям

trade balance — торговий баланс

T. Board — комісія з питань заробітної плати (у певній галузі промисловості)

trade mission — торгове представництво, торгпредство

trade price — фабрична (оптова) ціна

trade school — професійна (виробнича) школа; ремісниче училище

2. v

1) торгувати (чимсь — in; з кимсь — with)

to trade in wool — торгувати вовною

to trade with a foreign firm — торгувати з іноземною фірмою

2) міняти, обмінювати (на щось — for)

3) мінятися

we traded seats with them — ми помінялися з ними місцями

4) бути постійним покупцем (у певному магазині)

5) торгувати своїм політичним впливом; продавати свої політичні переконання

trade in — віддавати стару річ в рахунок придбання нової

trade off — а) збувати; б) обмінювати

trade on — мати вигоду; використовувати в особистих інтересах

* * *
I [treid] n
1) заняття, ремесло, професія

the tools of ones trade — знаряддя ремесла, робочий інструмент

the trade of weaver [or tailor, of shoemaker] — ремесло /професія/ ткача [кравця, сапожника]

the trade of war — військова професія

a saddler [a potter, a blacksmith, a grocer, a mason]by trade — шорник [гончар, коваль, бакалійник, каменяр]по професії

to put smb to a trade — вивчати когось ремеслу

to know ones trade — знати свою справу

to learn ones trade — опанувати своїм ремеслом

whats your trade — є чим ви займаєтесяє; робочий; ремісник

mechanical trades — слюсарі

2) галузь торгівлі; галузь виробництва; галузь промисловості; промисловість

the building [the furniture] trade — будівельна [меблева]промисловість

the publishing [printing] trade — видавнича [друкарське]справа

3) торгівля

coastal trade — каботажна торгівля

domestic /home, inland/ trade — внутрішня торгівля foreign /overseas/ зовнішня торгівля

fair trade — торгівля на основі взаємної вигоди; контрабанда

illicit trade — незаконна торгівля; торгівля наркотиками

wholesale [retail] trade — оптова [роздрібна]торгівля

tea [ivory] trade — торгівля [слонячою кісткою][див.тж. 4]

trade in arms [in cotton] — торгівля зброєю [бавовною]

liberty /freedom/ [prohibition, stoppage] of trade — вільна [заборона, припинення]торгівлі

to be in trade — займатися торгівлею [див.тж 5]

to go into trade — зайнятися торгівлею

to do a lot of trade — багато торгувати

to carry on /to engage in/ the trade of smth — вести торгівлю чемось.

to drive a good trade — вести жваву торгівлю

to revive [to restrict] trade — відновлювати [обмежувати]торгівлю

to put a stop to trade between two countries — припинити торгівлю між двома країнами

trade is at a standstill — торгівля знаходиться в стані застою, торгівля зійшла нанівець

hes doing a roaring trade — він веде нечувано вигідну торгівлю, торгівля стала для нього золотим дном; ринок

souvenirs for the tourist trade — сувеніри для продажу туристам; ділова активність

trade recession — спад ділової активності

4) збір. ( the trade) торговий стан; купці, купецтво

trade and gentility — торговий, дворянський стани

to marry into trade — вийти заміж за торговця; торговці або підприємці ( у будь-якій галузі); представники певної професії

the woollen [the ivory, the tea] trade — торговці шерстю [слонячою кісткою][див.; тж. 3]

a member of the writing trade — член письменницької спілки, письменник

the book trade opposes national censorship — книгопродавці виступають проти державної цензури; особи, що мають право продажу спиртних напоїв; пивовари, винокури; видавці, книгопродавці; мop. підводний флот

5) роздрібна торгівля; магазин, лавка

to be in trade — бути торговцем, мати магазин /лавку/; [див.; тж. 3]; роздрібні торговці

6) клієнтура, покупці

to wait on trade — обслуговувати покупців

to have a lot of trade — мати велику /багату/ клієнтуру

I think our products will appeal to your trade — я думаю, що наші товари сподобаються вашим покупцям

7) операція; обмін

an even trade — рівноцінний обмін

in trade for smth — у обмін на щось

to make a good trade — укласти вигідну операцію

to take smth in trade — придбати щось в черзі обміну; угода; операція

8) = trade wind

9) дiaл. або icт. спосіб життя; лінія поведінки; спосіб; звичай, звичка

10) дiaл. або icт. подорожі туди, назад; від'їзд, приїзд; відхід, прихід

11) дiaл. або icт. сум'яття; тривоги, хвилювання

12) дiaл. непотріб; сміття; покидьки; низи суспільства, погань, шушваль

••

everyone to his trade — прис. кожному своє

two of trade a never /seldom/ agree — прис. два фахівці рідко погоджуються один з одним
II [treid] a
1) торговый

trade agreement /pact/ — торгова угода

trade balance [barrier] — торговий баланс

trade mark-up — торгова надбавка

trade wars — торгові війни

2) промисловий, економічний

trade association — промислове об'єднання [див.; тж. 3]

trade fair — промисловий ярмарок

trade journal /magazine/ trjyjvsxybq — журнал, журнал новин промисловості, торгівлі [див.; тж. 3]3, професійний

trade journal — професійний /спеціальний/ журнал [див.; тж. 2]

trade paper — професійна газета

trade association — професійне об'єднання [див.; тж. 2]

trade jargon — професійний жаргон
III [treid] v
1) торгувати

to trade heavily — вести широку /жваву/ торгівлю

to trade in silk [in wool, in cotton, in salt] — торгувати шовком [шерстю, бавовною, сіллю]

to trade with Egypt [with a foreign firm] — торгувати з Єгиптом [з іноземною фірмою]

2) міняти, обмінювати

to trade knives and beads for skins — обмінювати ножі, намиста на шкури

to trade a city lot for a farm — обміняти міську ділянку на ферму; обмінюватися

we traded seats with them — ми обмінялися з ними місцями

they traded anecdotes — вони обмінялися ( свіжими) анекдотами

3) бути постійним покупцем (певного магазин; отоварюватися)

to trade with the local grocer /at the local grocery/ — бути постійним клієнтом місцевого бакалійника

4) продавати ( свої політичні переконання)

to trade in /on/ ones political influence — торгувати своїм політичним впливом

5) (on, upon) отримувати вигоду, використовувати в особистих цілях

to trade on the credulity of a client — використовувати довірливість /обдурити/ покупця

to trade on ones father's fair name — спекулювати добрим ім'ям свого отця

English-Ukrainian dictionary > trade
6 trade

I [treid] n
1) заняття, ремесло, професія

the tools of ones trade — знаряддя ремесла, робочий інструмент

the trade of weaver [or tailor, of shoemaker] — ремесло /професія/ ткача [кравця, сапожника]

the trade of war — військова професія

a saddler [a potter, a blacksmith, a grocer, a mason]by trade — шорник [гончар, коваль, бакалійник, каменяр]по професії

to put smb to a trade — вивчати когось ремеслу

to know ones trade — знати свою справу

to learn ones trade — опанувати своїм ремеслом

whats your trade — є чим ви займаєтесяє; робочий; ремісник

mechanical trades — слюсарі

2) галузь торгівлі; галузь виробництва; галузь промисловості; промисловість

the building [the furniture] trade — будівельна [меблева]промисловість

the publishing [printing] trade — видавнича [друкарське]справа

3) торгівля

coastal trade — каботажна торгівля

domestic /home, inland/ trade — внутрішня торгівля foreign /overseas/ зовнішня торгівля

fair trade — торгівля на основі взаємної вигоди; контрабанда

illicit trade — незаконна торгівля; торгівля наркотиками

wholesale [retail] trade — оптова [роздрібна]торгівля

tea [ivory] trade — торгівля [слонячою кісткою][див.тж. 4]

trade in arms [in cotton] — торгівля зброєю [бавовною]

liberty /freedom/ [prohibition, stoppage] of trade — вільна [заборона, припинення]торгівлі

to be in trade — займатися торгівлею [див.тж 5]

to go into trade — зайнятися торгівлею

to do a lot of trade — багато торгувати

to carry on /to engage in/ the trade of smth — вести торгівлю чемось.

to drive a good trade — вести жваву торгівлю

to revive [to restrict] trade — відновлювати [обмежувати]торгівлю

to put a stop to trade between two countries — припинити торгівлю між двома країнами

trade is at a standstill — торгівля знаходиться в стані застою, торгівля зійшла нанівець

hes doing a roaring trade — він веде нечувано вигідну торгівлю, торгівля стала для нього золотим дном; ринок

souvenirs for the tourist trade — сувеніри для продажу туристам; ділова активність

trade recession — спад ділової активності

4) збір. ( the trade) торговий стан; купці, купецтво

trade and gentility — торговий, дворянський стани

to marry into trade — вийти заміж за торговця; торговці або підприємці ( у будь-якій галузі); представники певної професії

the woollen [the ivory, the tea] trade — торговці шерстю [слонячою кісткою][див.; тж. 3]

a member of the writing trade — член письменницької спілки, письменник

the book trade opposes national censorship — книгопродавці виступають проти державної цензури; особи, що мають право продажу спиртних напоїв; пивовари, винокури; видавці, книгопродавці; мop. підводний флот

5) роздрібна торгівля; магазин, лавка

to be in trade — бути торговцем, мати магазин /лавку/; [див.; тж. 3]; роздрібні торговці

6) клієнтура, покупці

to wait on trade — обслуговувати покупців

to have a lot of trade — мати велику /багату/ клієнтуру

I think our products will appeal to your trade — я думаю, що наші товари сподобаються вашим покупцям

7) операція; обмін

an even trade — рівноцінний обмін

in trade for smth — у обмін на щось

to make a good trade — укласти вигідну операцію

to take smth in trade — придбати щось в черзі обміну; угода; операція

8) = trade wind

9) дiaл. або icт. спосіб життя; лінія поведінки; спосіб; звичай, звичка

10) дiaл. або icт. подорожі туди, назад; від'їзд, приїзд; відхід, прихід

11) дiaл. або icт. сум'яття; тривоги, хвилювання

12) дiaл. непотріб; сміття; покидьки; низи суспільства, погань, шушваль

••

everyone to his trade — прис. кожному своє

two of trade a never /seldom/ agree — прис. два фахівці рідко погоджуються один з одним
II [treid] a
1) торговый

trade agreement /pact/ — торгова угода

trade balance [barrier] — торговий баланс

trade mark-up — торгова надбавка

trade wars — торгові війни

2) промисловий, економічний

trade association — промислове об'єднання [див.; тж. 3]

trade fair — промисловий ярмарок

trade journal /magazine/ trjyjvsxybq — журнал, журнал новин промисловості, торгівлі [див.; тж. 3]3, професійний

trade journal — професійний /спеціальний/ журнал [див.; тж. 2]

trade paper — професійна газета

trade association — професійне об'єднання [див.; тж. 2]

trade jargon — професійний жаргон
III [treid] v
1) торгувати

to trade heavily — вести широку /жваву/ торгівлю

to trade in silk [in wool, in cotton, in salt] — торгувати шовком [шерстю, бавовною, сіллю]

to trade with Egypt [with a foreign firm] — торгувати з Єгиптом [з іноземною фірмою]

2) міняти, обмінювати

to trade knives and beads for skins — обмінювати ножі, намиста на шкури

to trade a city lot for a farm — обміняти міську ділянку на ферму; обмінюватися

we traded seats with them — ми обмінялися з ними місцями

they traded anecdotes — вони обмінялися ( свіжими) анекдотами

3) бути постійним покупцем (певного магазин; отоварюватися)

to trade with the local grocer /at the local grocery/ — бути постійним клієнтом місцевого бакалійника

4) продавати ( свої політичні переконання)

to trade in /on/ ones political influence — торгувати своїм політичним впливом

5) (on, upon) отримувати вигоду, використовувати в особистих цілях

to trade on the credulity of a client — використовувати довірливість /обдурити/ покупця

to trade on ones father's fair name — спекулювати добрим ім'ям свого отця

English-Ukrainian dictionary > trade
7 trade

I [treɪd] n
1) торговля

See:

types of trade

Trade is expanding from year to year. — Торговля расширяется из года в год.

How is your trade to day? — Как идет торговля?

- slack trade
- Christmas trade
- arms trade
- tea trade
- domestic trade

- a trade name

- a trade mark

- a trade agreement

- trade in cotton
- icecream trade in the summer
- trade with many countries
- zone of free trade
- development of the world trade
- stock-in-trade
- balance of trade
- Board of trade
- do a large trade
- carry a dangerous trade
- build up a big trade
- carry a bootleg trade in food
- carry three quaters of the world trade in timber
- ban the trade
- stop trade
- affect trade
- benefit the trade
- do much of trade
- carry on a lively trade
- develop import trade
- build up a large trade
- dominate the world milk trade
- increase trade in grain
- open trade with these countries
- trade is slack
- trade is at a standstill
2) отрасль промышленности, отрасль торговли

- furniture trade
- publishing trade
- tourist trade
3) ремесло, занятие, профессия

What is your trade? — Чем вы занимаетесь? /Какая у вас профессия?

Every man to his trade. — ◊ Беда, коль пироги печи начнет сапожник, а сапоги тачать пирожник. /Не за свое дело не берись.

Jack of all trades and master of none. — ◊ За все берется и ничего не умеет. /За все берется, да не все удается.

- dangerous trade
- dishonest trade
- skilled trades
- construction trades
- trade of a shoemaker
- carpenter by trade
- follow the trade of one's father
- choose a trade
- learn a trade
- put smb to a trade
- be in trade
- be in the trade
•

USAGE:

See work, n
II [treɪd] v
1) торговать, вести торговлю

These companies trade mainly in furs. — Эти компании в основном торгуют мехами.

Salesmen traded the new product all over the country. — Продавцы торговали новым изделием по всей стране.

- trade heavily

- trade in cotton

- trade with many countries

- trade at the world market
- trade in shops
- trade for profit
- cease trading
2) обменивать

- trade smth for smth
- trade salt for furs
3) спекулировать (чем-либо, где-либо)

- trade on smth
- trade on one's father's name reputation

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > trade
8 heavily

heavily ['hevɪlɪ]

adverb

(a) (fall, land) lourdement, pesamment; (walk) d'un pas lourd ou pesant, lourdement;

∎ she leaned heavily on my arm elle s'appuya de tout son poids sur mon bras;

∎ figurative time hangs heavily on her elle trouve le temps long, le temps lui pèse;

∎ it weighed heavily on my conscience cela me pesait sur la conscience

(b) (laboriously → move) avec difficulté, péniblement; (→ breathe) péniblement, bruyamment

(c) (deeply → sleep) profondément;

∎ she left the room, sighing heavily en poussant un énorme ou gros soupir, elle a quitté la pièce

(d) (as intensifier) (drink, smoke, gamble) beaucoup; (fine, load, tax) lourdement; (stress) fortement, lourdement;

∎ it was raining heavily il pleuvait des cordes;

∎ it was snowing heavily il neigeait très fort ou dru ou à gros flocons;

∎ they lost heavily (team) ils se sont fait écraser; (gamblers) ils ont perdu gros;

∎ familiar they're heavily into yoga ils donnent à fond dans le yoga;

∎ the secret service was heavily involved in training guerillas les services secrets étaient lourdement impliqués dans la formation des guérilleros;

∎ they're heavily dependent on foreign trade ils sont fortement tributaires du commerce extérieur;

∎ heavily populated très peuplé, à forte densité de population;

∎ heavily wooded très boisé

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > heavily
9 trade

treid
1. noun
1) (the buying and selling of goods: Japan does a lot of trade with Britain.) comercio

2) ((a) business, occupation, or job: He's in the jewellery trade.) negocio; industria

2. verb
1) ((often with in or with) to buy and sell: They made a lot of money by trading; They trade in fruit and vegetables.) comerciar

2) (to exchange: I traded my watch for a bicycle.) cambiar

•

- trader
- trademark
- tradename
- tradesman
- trades union
- trade union
- trades unionist
- trade unionist
- trade wind
- trade in

trade¹ n

1. comercio

international trade comercio internacional

2. oficio

he's a carpenter by trade es carpintero de oficio

3. negocio / ramo

the car trade el negocio del automóvil

trade² vb comerciar

Spain trades mainly with Europe España comercia principalmente con Europa

El gerundio de trade se escribe trading

trade

tr[treɪd]

noun

1 (commerce) comercio

■ there's been an increase in foreign trade ha habido un aumento del comercio exterior

■ trade picks up at Christmas el comercio se recupera en Navidad

■ fine weather is good for trade el buen tiempo es favorable para el comercio

■ we're doing a good trade today estamos vendiendo mucho hoy

2 (business) negocio; (industry) industria

■ my parents are in the antique trade mis padres se dedican al negocio de las antigüedades

■ the building trade has suffered a decline la construcción ha experimentado un descenso

■ Spain relies heavily on the tourist trade España vive principalmente del turismo

3 (occupation) oficio, profesión nombre femenino

■ he's a carpenter by trade es carpintero de oficio

■ printing is a dying trade el oficio de impresor está desapareciendo

4 (people who work in particular industry) comerciantes nombre masculino plural, gente nombre femenino del negocio

■ they give discounts to the trade ofrecen descuentos a los comerciantes

adjective

1 comercial

intransitive verb

1 (do business) comerciar

■ he trades in textiles comercia en textiles

■ they have stopped trading with Cuba han dejado de tener tratos comerciales con Cuba

transitive verb

1 (exchange) cambiar

■ I'll trade my bike for your stereo cambiaré mi bici por tu estéreo

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to do a good/brisk/roaring trade in something hacer un gran negocio con algo, vender algo como pan caliente

trade cycle ciclo comercial

trade deficit / trade gap déficit nombre masculino comercial

trade discount descuento comercial

trade fair feria de muestras

trade name nombre nombre masculino comercial

trade price precio al por mayor

trade secret secreto industrial

trade union sindicato, gremio obrero

trade unionism sindicalismo

trade unionist sindicalista nombre masulino o femenino

trade winds vientos nombre masculino plural alisios

trade ['treɪd] v, traded ; trading vi

: comerciar, negociar

trade vt

exchange: intercambiar, canjear

trade n

1) occupation: oficio m, profesión f, ocupación f

a carpenter by trade: carpintero de oficio

2) commerce: comercio m, industria f

free trade: libre comercio

the book trade: la industria del libro

3) exchange: intercambio m, canje m

trade

v.

• cambiar v.

• comerciar v.

• girar v.

• mercadear v.

• traficar v.

• trocar v.

n.

• canje s.m.

• clientela s.f.

• comercio s.m.

• contratación s.f.

• industria s.f.

• mercancía s.f.

• negocio s.m.

• oficio s.m.

• traficante s.m.,f.

• trueque s.m.

• tráfago s.m.

• tráfico s.m.

treɪd
I

noun

1)

a) u (buying, selling) comercio m

domestic/foreign trade — comercio interior/exterior

they were doing a roaring o brisk trade in umbrellas — estaban haciendo un gran negocio con los paraguas; (before n)

trade agreement — acuerdo m comercial

trade barrier — barrera f arancelaria

trade deficit o gap — déficit m en la balanza comercial

b) u (business, industry) industria f

the hotel trade — la hotelería, la industria hotelera

c) c ( skilled occupation) oficio m

he's a carpenter by trade — es carpintero de oficio

d) ( people in particular trade)

the trade — el gremio

as they say in the trade — como dicen los del gremio or los entendidos

e) u ( customers)

it's designed to attract the tourist trade — está pensado para atraer a los turistas

2)

a) ( exchange)

I'll make o do a trade with you — te lo/la cambio

b) ( of players) (AmE Sport) traspaso m

c) ( player) (AmE Sport) jugador traspasado, jugadora traspasada m,f

II
1.

intransitive verb

a) (buy, sell) comerciar

the company has ceased trading — la compañía ha dejado de operar, la compañía ha cerrado

to trade under the name of... — operar bajo el nombre de...

to trade IN something — comerciar en algo

b) ( exchange) hacer* un cambio or un canje

2.

vt

a) \<\<blows/insults/secrets\>\> intercambiar

to trade something FOR something — cambiar or canjear algo por algo

to trade something WITH somebody — (AmE) cambiarle algo a alguien

I wouldn't mind trading places with him — ya quisiera yo estar en su lugar or en su pellejo

b) (AmE Sport) \<\<player\>\> traspasar

Phrasal Verbs:

- trade in

- trade on

[treɪd]
1. N

1) (=buying and selling) comercio m

domestic/foreign/world trade — comercio m interior/exterior/internacional

• to do trade with sb — comerciar con algn

to do a good or brisk or roaring trade (in sth) — (Brit) hacer (un) buen negocio (con algo)

• all trade in ivory is banned — el comercio de todo tipo de or con marfil está prohibido

to be in trade — † ser comerciante

2) (=industry) industria f

the building trade — la industria de la construcción

the antiques trade — la compraventa de antigüedades

the arms trade — el tráfico de armas

the tourist trade — el turismo, el sector turístico

3) (=profession, occupation) oficio m

• he's a butcher by trade — es carnicero de oficio

• known in the trade as... — conocido en el gremio como...

as we/they say in the trade — como decimos/dicen en el oficio
tool, trick
4) (=people in trade)

to sell to the trade — vender al por mayor or (LAm) al mayoreo

no trade — solo particulares

trade only — solo mayoristas

5) (=clientele) clientela f

• passing trade — clientela f de paso

• he hires boats out for the tourist trade — alquila barcas a los turistas

6) (esp US) (=exchange) cambio m

• it was fair trade — fue un cambio justo

• I'm willing to do or make a trade with you — estoy dispuesto a hacerte un cambio or a hacer un cambio contigo

2.

VT (esp US) (=exchange) [+ goods] cambiar; [+ blows, insults, jokes] intercambiar

• to trade sth for sth — cambiar algo por algo

• to trade sth with sb — intercambiar algo con algn

I wouldn't trade places with her for anything — no quisiera estar en su lugar por nada del mundo

managers traded places with cleaners for a day — los gerentes y el personal de limpieza se cambiaron los trabajos por un día

3. VI

1) (=do business) comerciar

we are trading at a loss — estamos comerciando con pérdida

• to cease trading — cerrar

• to trade in sth — comerciar con algo

to trade in ivory/hardware — comerciar con marfil/artículos de ferretería

he trades in antique dolls — se dedica a la compraventa de muñecas antiguas

• he trades under a business name — opera con un nombre comercial

• to trade with sb — comerciar con algn

2) (=exchange) (esp US) hacer un cambio

3) (=sell) [currency, shares] cotizarse (at a)

4.

CPD

trade agreement N — acuerdo m comercial, convenio m comercial

trade association N — asociación f gremial, asociación f mercantil

trade balance N — balanza f comercial

trade barriers NPL — barreras fpl arancelarias

trade deficit N — déficit m comercial

Trade Descriptions Act N — (Brit) ley f de protección al consumidor

trade discount N — descuento m comercial

trade embargo N — embargo m comercial

trade fair N — feria f de muestras, feria f comercial

trade figures NPL — estadísticas fpl comerciales

trade gap N — déficit m comercial

trade journal N — revista f especializada

trade magazine N — = trade journal

trade name N — nombre m comercial

trade price N — precio m al por mayor, precio m de mayoreo (LAm)

trade restrictions NPL — restricciones fpl comerciales

trade route N — ruta f comercial

trade sanctions NPL — sanciones fpl comerciales

trade secret N — secreto m comercial; (fig) secreto m profesional

trades union N — = trade union

Trades Union Congress N — (Brit) Federación f de los Sindicatos

trade surplus N — balanza f comercial favorable, superávit m (en balanza) comercial

trade talks NPL — negociaciones fpl comerciales

trade union N — sindicato m

trade unionism N — sindicalismo m

trade unionist N — sindicalista mf, miembro mf de un sindicato

trade union leader N — líder mf sindicalista

trade union movement N — movimiento m sindical, movimiento m sindicalista

trade union official N — representante mf sindical

trade war N — guerra f comercial

trade winds NPL — vientos mpl alisios

- trade in

- trade off

- trade on

- trade up

* * *
[treɪd]
I

noun

1)

a) u (buying, selling) comercio m

domestic/foreign trade — comercio interior/exterior

they were doing a roaring o brisk trade in umbrellas — estaban haciendo un gran negocio con los paraguas; (before n)

trade agreement — acuerdo m comercial

trade barrier — barrera f arancelaria

trade deficit o gap — déficit m en la balanza comercial

b) u (business, industry) industria f

the hotel trade — la hotelería, la industria hotelera

c) c ( skilled occupation) oficio m

he's a carpenter by trade — es carpintero de oficio

d) ( people in particular trade)

the trade — el gremio

as they say in the trade — como dicen los del gremio or los entendidos

e) u ( customers)

it's designed to attract the tourist trade — está pensado para atraer a los turistas

2)

a) ( exchange)

I'll make o do a trade with you — te lo/la cambio

b) ( of players) (AmE Sport) traspaso m

c) ( player) (AmE Sport) jugador traspasado, jugadora traspasada m,f

II
1.

intransitive verb

a) (buy, sell) comerciar

the company has ceased trading — la compañía ha dejado de operar, la compañía ha cerrado

to trade under the name of... — operar bajo el nombre de...

to trade IN something — comerciar en algo

b) ( exchange) hacer* un cambio or un canje

2.

vt

a) \<\<blows/insults/secrets\>\> intercambiar

to trade something FOR something — cambiar or canjear algo por algo

to trade something WITH somebody — (AmE) cambiarle algo a alguien

I wouldn't mind trading places with him — ya quisiera yo estar en su lugar or en su pellejo

b) (AmE Sport) \<\<player\>\> traspasar

Phrasal Verbs:

- trade in

- trade on

English-spanish dictionary > trade
10 trade

treɪd
1. сущ.
1) занятие, ремесло, профессия a jeweller by trade ≈ ювелир по профессии They've completely ruined the tourist trade for the next few years. ≈ Они полностью разрушили туристический бизнес на последующие несколько лет. He learnt his trade as a diver in the North Sea. ≈ Он обучился профессии водолаза в Северном море. Syn: profession
2) а) торговля (among, between;
with;
in) to build up, develop, drum up, promote trade ≈ устраивать, развивать торговлю to carry on, conduct, engage in trade ≈ вести торговлю, торговать to conduct trade with many countries ≈ вести торговлю со многими странами to lose trade ≈ прекращать (вынужденно) торговлю to restrain trade ≈ ограничивать торговлю to restrict trade ≈ запрещать торговлю (in) restraint of trade ≈ для ограничения торговли brisk trade domestic trade export trade fair trade foreign trade free trade home trade illicit trade international trade lively trade maritime trade overseas trade retail trade slave trade wholesale trade б) (the trade) коллект. торговцы или предприниматели (в какой-л. отрасли) ;
разг. лица, имеющие право продажи спиртных напитков;
винокуры, пивовары в) розничная торговля( в противоп. оптовой - commerce), лавка, магазин;
(the trade) коллект. розничные торговцы His father was in trade. ≈ Его отец был торговцем, имел лавку. He sells only to the trade. ≈ Он продает только оптом, только розничным торговцам. г) сделка;
обмен I am willing to make a trade with you. ≈ Я готов совершить с тобой обмен (сделку). Syn: barter
3) клиентура, покупатели
2. прил.
1) торговый trade balance ≈ торговый баланс
2) профессиональный trade(s) committee ≈ профсоюзный комитет trade unions ≈ тред-юнион;
профсоюз
3. гл.
1) торговать (in - чем-л.;
with - с кем-л.)
2) обменивать(ся) A boy traded his knife for a pup. ≈ Мальчик обменял свой ножик на щенка. They traded insults. ≈ Они осыпали друг друга оскорблениями. We traded seats. ≈ Мы обменялись местами. Syn: barter ∙ trade at trade down trade for trade in trade off trade upon trade up занятие, ремесло, профессия - the tools of one's * орудия ремесла, рабочий инструмент - the * of weaver ремесло /профессия/ ткача - the * of war военная профессия - a saddler by * шорник по профессии - to put smb. to a * учить кого-л. ремеслу - to know one's * знать свое дело - to learn one's * овладеть своим ремеслом - what's your *? чем вы занимаетесь? (редкое) рабочий;
ремесленник - mechanical *s слесари отрасль торговли;
отрасль производства;
отрасль промышленности;
промышленность - the building * строительная промышленность - the publishing * издательское дело торговля - coastal * каботажная торговля - domestic /home, inland/ * внутренняя торговля - foreign /overseas/ * внешняя торговля - fair * торговля на основе взаимной выгоды;
(сленг) контрабанда - illicit * незаконная торговля;
торговля наркотиками - wholesale * оптовая торговля - tea * торговля чаем - * in arms торговля оружием - liberty /freedom/ of * свобода торговли - to be in * заниматься торговлей - to go into * заняться торговлей - to do a lot of * много торговать - to carry on /to engage in/ the * of smth. вести торговлю чем-л. - to drive a good * вести оживленную торговлю - to revive * возобновлять торговлю - to put a stop to * between two countries прекратить торговлю между двумя странами - * is at a standstill торговля находится в состоянии застоя, торговля сошла на нет - he's doing a roaring * он ведет баснословно выгодную торговлю, торговля стала для него золотым дном рынок - souvenirs for the tourist * сувениры для продажи туристам деловая активность - * recession спад деловой активности - I got caught in what is politely called a * recession грубо /попросту/ говоря, я остался без работы( обыкн. the *) (собирательнле) торговое сословие;
купцы, купечество - * and gentility торговое и дворянское сословия - to marry into * выйти замуж за торговца (обыкн. the *) (собирательнле) торговцы или предприниматели (в какой-л. отрасли) ;
представители определенной профессии - the woollen * торговцы шерстью - a member of the writing * член писательской братии, писатель - the book * opposes national censorship книготорговцы выступают против государственной цензуры (обыкн. the *) (собирательнле) лица, имеющие право продажи спиртных напитков;
пивовары, винокуры (обыкн. the *) (собирательнле) издатели и книготорговцы (обыкн. the *) (собирательнле) (морское) (разговорное) подводный флот розничная торговля;
магазин, лавка - to be in * быть торговцем, иметь магазин /лавку/ розничные торговцы клиентура, покупатели - to wait on * обслуживать покупателей - to have a lot of * иметь большую /богатую/ клиентуру - I think our products will appeal to your * я думаю, что наши товары понравятся вашим покупателям сделка;
обмен - an even * равноценный обмен /-ая сделка/ - in * for smth. в обмен на что-л. - to make a good * заключить выгодную сделку - to take smth. in * приобрести что-л. в порядке обмена (политика) соглашение;
сделка обыкн. pl (метеорология) пассат - return * антипассат (диалектизм) или (устаревшее) образ жизни( диалектизм) или (устаревшее) линия поведения( диалектизм) или (устаревшее) способ;
обычай, привычка( диалектизм) или (устаревшее) путешествия туда и обратно;
отъезд и приезд;
уход и приход( устаревшее) или (диалектизм) суматоха;
тревоги, треволнения ( диалектизм) хлам;
мусор;
отбросы( диалектизм) низы общества, дрянь, шваль > everyone to his * (пословица) каждому свое > two of a * never /seldom/ agree( пословица) два специалиста редко соглашаются друг с другом торговый - * agreement /pact/ торговое соглашение - * balance торговый баланс - * mark-up торговая надбавка - * wars торговые войны промышленный;
экономический - * association промышленное объединение - * fair промышленная ярмарка - * journal /magazine/ экономический журнал, журнал новостей промышленности и торговли профессиональный - * journal профессиональный /специальный/ журнал - * paper профессиональная газета - * association профессиональное объединение - * jargon профессиональный жаргон торговать - to * heavily вести широкую /оживленную/ торговлю - to * in silk торговать шелком - to * with Egypt торговать с Египтом менять, обменивать - to * knives and beads for skins обменивать ножи и бусы на шкуры - to * a city lot for a farm обменять городской участок на ферму обмениваться - we *d seats with them мы обменялись с ними местами - they *d anecdotes они обменялись (свежими) анекдотами (разговорное) быть постоянным покупателем (определенного магазина) ;
отовариваться - to * with the local grocer /at the local grocery/ быть постоянным клиентом местного бакалейщика продавать (свои политические убеждения и т. п.) - to * in /on/ one's political influence торговать своим политическим влиянием (on, upon) извлекать выгоду, использовать в личных целях - to * on the credulity of a client использовать доверчивость /обмануть/ покупателя - to * on one's father's fair name спекулировать добрым именем своего отца all ~ операции с любыми ценными бумагами arms ~ торговля оружием barter ~ бартерная торговля barter ~ меновая торговля barter ~ непосредственный обмен товарами black market ~ торговля на черном рынке border ~ пограничная торговля ~ обменивать(ся) ;
a boy traded his knife for a pup мальчик обменял свой ножик на щенка brisk ~ оживленная торговля broker-to-broker ~ операции брокеров с брокерами building ~ строительная промышленность capital invested in ~ капитал, вложенный в торговлю career in ~ карьера в торговле carrying ~ перевозка товаров водным путем, фрахтовое дело carrying ~ транспорт, транспортное дело, морской транспорт, фрахтовое дело cash ~ торговля за наличные деньги chain ~ торговля через сеть магазинов одной фирмы commodity ~ торговля товарами contraband ~ торговля контрабандными товарами contract divided into lots by ~ контракт, разделенный на партии по отраслям credit ~ торговля в кредит cross-frontier ~ внешнеторговая сделка dollar ~ долларовая торговля domestic market ~ торговля на внутреннем рынке drug ~ торговля наркотиками entrepyt ~ транзитная торговля export ~ экспортная торговля external ~ внешняя торговля fair ~ sl. контрабанда fair ~ торговля на основе взаимной выгоды favourable balance of ~ активный торговый баланс favourable balance of ~ благоприятный торговый баланс foreign ~ внешняя торговля foreign ~ международная торговля free ~ беспошлинная торговля free ~ ист. контрабанда free ~ свободная торговля free ~ фритредерство frontier ~ приграничная торговля general ~ генеральная торговля general ~ общая торговля ~ (the ~) собир. розничные торговцы;
he sells only to the trade он продает только оптом, только розничным торговцам ~ розничная торговля (в противоп. оптовой - commerce) ;
магазин, лавка;
his father was in trade его отец был торговцем, имел лавку illegal arms ~ нелегальная торговля оружием illicit ~ запрещенная торговля illicit ~ контрабандная торговля import ~ импортная торговля internal ~ внутренняя торговля international ~ международная торговля intracommunity ~ торговля в рамках Европейского экономического сообщества iron ~ торговля черными металлами itinerant ~ выездная торговля later ~ последняя продажа licensed ~ торговля по лицензии local ~ местная торговля maritime ~ морская торговля market ~ рыночная торговля merchandise ~ торговля товарами modest ~ ограниченная торговля narcotics ~ торговля наркотиками net ~ чистый объем торговли oil ~ торговля нефтью over-the-counter ~ торговля без посредников parallel ~ параллельная сделка prejudicial ~ убыточная торговля private ~ частная торговля retail ~ розничная торговля rural ~ сельская торговля ~ занятие;
ремесло;
профессия;
the trade of war военная профессия;
a saddler by trade шорник по профессии service ~ отрасль обслуживания slave ~ работорговля special ~ специальная торговля spot ~ торговля наличным товаром spot ~ торговля с немедленной поставкой за наличный расчет spot ~ торговля физическим товаром staple ~ торговля основными товарами switch ~ продажа товаров через другую страну (из валютных соображений) tally ~ торговля в рассрочку technical ~ бирж. техническая операция technical ~ бирж. техническая сделка they traded insults они осыпали друг друга оскорблениями;
we traded seats мы обменялись местами timber ~ торговля лесоматериалами total share ~ общий объем торговли акциями tourist ~ туризм trade = trade winds ~ бартер ~ быть постоянным покупателем магазина ~ группа производителей, конкурирующих между собой на одном рынке ~ занятие;
ремесло;
профессия;
the trade of war военная профессия;
a saddler by trade шорник по профессии ~ занятие ~ клиентура, покупатели ~ клиентура ~ мена ~ менять ~ обмен ~ обменивать(ся) ;
a boy traded his knife for a pup мальчик обменял свой ножик на щенка ~ обменивать ~ обмениваться ~ операция с ценными бумагами ~ отрасль производства ~ отрасль промышленности ~ отрасль торговли ~ покупатели ~ предприниматели ~ промышленность ~ профессия, профессиональная деятельность, ремесло, промысел ~ профессия ~ рейс судна ~ ремесло ~ розничная торговля (в противоп. оптовой - commerce) ;
магазин, лавка;
his father was in trade его отец был торговцем, имел лавку ~ розничная торговля ~ (the ~) собир. розничные торговцы;
he sells only to the trade он продает только оптом, только розничным торговцам ~ розничные торговцы ~ сделка;
обмен ~ сделка ~ совершать мену ~ торговать (in - чем-л.;
with - с кем-л.) ~ торговать ~ торговля ~ торговцы ~ (the ~) собир. торговцы или предприниматели (в какой-л. отрасли) ;
разг. лица, имеющие право продажи спиртных напитков;
пивовары, винокуры;
the woollen trade торговцы шерстью ~ торговые круги ~ attr. профсоюзный;
trade(s) committee профсоюзный комитет ~ attr. торговый;
trade balance торговый баланс ~ in встречная продажа ~ in отдавать старую вещь в счет покупки новой ~ in сдавать старую вещь (автомобиль и т. п.) в счет покупки новой ~ in торговать ~ in bonds операции с облигациями ~ in debentures операции с долговыми обязательствами ~ in goods торговля товарами ~ in manufactures торговля промышленными товарами ~ in real property торговля недвижимостью ~ занятие;
ремесло;
профессия;
the trade of war военная профессия;
a saddler by trade шорник по профессии to ~ on the credulity of a client использовать доверчивость покупателя, обмануть покупателя trade = trade winds winds: winds: trade ~ pl пассаты ~ off обменивать;
trade(up) on извлекать выгоду, использовать в личных целях tramp ~ трамповый рейс transit ~ транзитная торговля unlicensed ~ торговля без лицензии urban ~ городская торговля they traded insults они осыпали друг друга оскорблениями;
we traded seats мы обменялись местами wholesale ~ оптовая торговля ~ (the ~) собир. торговцы или предприниматели (в какой-л. отрасли) ;
разг. лица, имеющие право продажи спиртных напитков;
пивовары, винокуры;
the woollen trade торговцы шерстью world ~ мировая торговля world: ~ line-up расстановка сил в мире;
world market мировой рынок;
world trade международная торговля

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > trade
11 Brusselette (Linen Trade)

BRUSSELETTE (Linen Trade)
A carpet fabric made from coarse jute yarns in any colour or print, plain weave. Many weights are made and any design possible in stripes or checks. Two beams are generally used, one lightly-weighted for the looping yarn and the other heavily-weighted for ground.

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Brusselette (Linen Trade)
12 depend heavily on the dollar and on trade with the U.S.

Политика: сильно зависеть от доллара и торговли с США (англ. оборот взят из статьи в Wall Street Journal)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > depend heavily on the dollar and on trade with the U.S.
13 slump

1. verb
1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) dumpe ned

2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) falde drastisk
2. noun
1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) kraftigt prisfald

2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) lavkonjunktur

* * *
1. verb
1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) dumpe ned

2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) falde drastisk
2. noun
1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) kraftigt prisfald

2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) lavkonjunktur

English-Danish dictionary > slump
14 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
15 slump

1. noun
Sturz, der (fig.); (in demand, investment, sales, production) starker Rückgang (in Gen.); (economic depression) Depression, die (Wirtsch.); (in morale, support, popularity) Nachlassen, das (in Gen.)
2. intransitive verb
1) (Commerc.) stark zurückgehen; [Preise, Kurse:] stürzen (fig.)

2) (be diminished) [Popularität, Moral, Unterstützung usw.:] nachlassen

3) (collapse) fallen

they found him slumped over the table — sie fanden ihn über dem Tisch zusammengesunken

* * *
1. verb
1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) plumpsen

2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) fallen
2. noun
1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) der Sturz

2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) die Wirtschaftskrise

* * *

slump

[slʌmp]

I. n ECON

1. (decline) [plötzliche] Abnahme; STOCKEX Baisse f, [Kurs]einbruch m

there has been a \slump in demand for beef die Nachfrage nach Rindfleisch ist drastisch zurückgegangen

\slump in prices Preissturz m

\slump in production Produktionseinbruch m

2. (recession) Rezession f

economic \slump Wirtschaftskrise f

to be in a \slump sich akk in einer Krise befinden

II. vi

1. (fall dramatically) prices stürzen, fallen; numbers, sales zurückgehen

the value of property has \slumped Immobilien haben drastisch an Wert verloren

2. (fall heavily) fallen, zusammensacken

to \slump into a chair sich akk in einen Stuhl fallen lassen

* * *
[slʌmp]
1. n
(in sth etw gen) (in numbers, popularity, morale etc) (plötzliche) Abnahme; (in production, sales) Rückgang m; (= state) Tiefstand m; (FIN) Sturz m, Baisse f (spec); (of prices) plötzliches Absinken
slump in prices — Preissturz m (of bei)

the 1929 Slump — die Weltwirtschaftskrise von 1929

2. vi

1) ( FIN, COMM prices) stürzen, fallen; (sales, production) plötzlich zurückgehen; (fig, morale etc) sinken, fallen

2) (= sink) fallen, sinken

to slump into a chair — sich in einen Sessel fallen or plumpsen (inf) lassen

he was slumped over the wheel — er war über dem Steuer zusammengesackt

he was slumped on the floor — er lag in sich (dat) zusammengesunken auf dem Fußboden

* * *

slump [slʌmp]

A v/i

1. plumpsen ( into in akk):

slump into a chair sich in einen Sessel plumpsen lassen

2. meist slump down (in sich) zusammensacken (Person)

3. WIRTSCH stürzen (Preise)

4. zurückgehen

5. GEOL rutschen

B s

1. WIRTSCH

a) auch slump in prices (Preis)Sturz m, Baisse f (an der Börse)

b) (starker) Konjunkturrückgang

2. allg (plötzlicher) Rückgang (in gen oder in dat):

be in a slump rückläufig sein;

there is a slump in attendance die Teilnehmerzahlen gehen zurück

3. SPORT Schwächeperiode f

4. GEOL Rutschung f

* * *
1. noun
Sturz, der (fig.); (in demand, investment, sales, production) starker Rückgang (in Gen.); (economic depression) Depression, die (Wirtsch.); (in morale, support, popularity) Nachlassen, das (in Gen.)
2. intransitive verb
1) (Commerc.) stark zurückgehen; [Preise, Kurse:] stürzen (fig.)

2) (be diminished) [Popularität, Moral, Unterstützung usw.:] nachlassen

3) (collapse) fallen

they found him slumped over the table — sie fanden ihn über dem Tisch zusammengesunken

* * *

(financial) n.

plötzlicher Rückgang m. n.

Baisse -s f.

Börsensturz m.

Kurseinbruch m.

Preissturz m.

Wirtschaftskrise f.

starker Konjunkturrückgang m. v.

erweichen v.

hineinplumpsen v.

plumpsen v.

völlig versagen ausdr.

English-german dictionary > slump
16 book

1) книга, литературное произведение

2) том; издание

3) (книжный) блок

- book offered for exchange

- book printed in braille

- books above the recommended level

- books at the recommended level

- books below the recommended level

- books for beginning reader

- books for nursery school and kindergartens

- books for preschoolers

- books for self-education

- books for young adults

- book in current use

- book in number

- book in parts

- book in process

- book in raised characters

- book in sheets

- books in translation

- book on approval

- books on carpentry

- books on cooking

- books on ecology

- books on gardening

- books on music

- books on nature

- books on social problems

- books on specialized subjects

- books on sports

- book under review

- book with colored plates

- book of current interest

- books of devotion

- book of general interest

- book of God

- book of little popular appeal

- book of month

- book of patterns

- book of reference

- book of samples

- A-B-C book

- abroad books

- accession book

- address book

- admitted book

- adult book

- adult hardbound trade books

- adult paperbound books

- adventure books

- allusion book

- alphabetical book

- ancient book

- annotated book

- anopistographic block book

- antiquarian book

- antiquated book

- apocryphal books

- art book

- assembled book

- as-told-to book

- audio book

- autumn book

- auxiliary book

- award-winning books

- backlist books

- bargain book

- best-selling book

- big book

- biography books

- black-letter book

- blank book

- block book

- blue book

- business and professional books

- career books

- cartoon book

- casebound book

- cased book

- cataloged book

- caved-in book

- chained book

- cheap book

- children's book

- children's picture book

- circulation book

- class book

- clip book

- clip art book

- cloth-bound book

- cloth centered book

- comic book

- commission book

- composite book

- computer printed book

- contents book

- controlled-vocabulary books

- controversial book

- cookery book

- course books

- curious book

- current book

- cut flush book

- dated book

- desideratum book

- desk book

- desk-top reference book

- discarded book

- donation book

- double title book

- dwarf book

- early printed book

- edition-bound book

- educational book

- elephantine book

- el-hi books

- elementary-high school text books

- embossed book

- exercise book

- extra book

- extra-illustrated book

- factual book

- fall book

- faulty book

- fiction book

- film book

- first printed book

- first spelling book

- fiscal blue book

- floxed book

- folded book

- folio book

- foreign book

- forthcoming book

- fragrance books

- free bonus book

- full-color picture books

- game book

- general consumer books

- ghost book

- gift book

- gift-type children's books

- gilt-edged book

- gilt top book

- golden book

- guard book

- handy book

- hardbound book

- hard-cover book

- hard-cover mass market books

- hard-cover supplementary reading books

- hard-cover trade books

- heavily used book

- higher-priced paper book

- high-interest low-reading level book

- hobby book

- honor book

- hot-melt book

- how-to book

- illuminated book

- illustrated book

- imposition book

- informational books

- inner book

- insetted book

- junior book

- juvenile books

- juvenile trade books

- know-how book

- law book

- leather-backed book

- leather-bound book

- legible book

- letter book

- library book

- limited-field book

- literary-bibliographical reference book

- literary classics book

- little-used book

- long-run book

- loose-leaf book

- lost book

- mail-order books

- manuscript book

- marginal books

- mass market books

- medalist books

- medical books

- memo book

- microfiche book

- mismatched book

- monthly books

- multipage book

- multivolume book

- music book

- new book

- noncirculating book

- nonfiction book

- novelty book

- objectionable books

- obsolete book

- odd-sized book

- old and used book

- one-shot book

- one-up book

- one-volume book

- outsize book

- over-sized book

- paper book

- paperback book

- paperbound book

- paper-covered book

- personalized books

- phone book

- picture book

- pirated book

- play book

- pocket book

- pocket reference book

- poetry books

- pop-out picture book

- pop-up book

- prayer book

- preperforated book

- prescribed book

- press book

- preview book

- printed book

- privately illustrated book

- problem book

- processed books

- professional books

- pulled book

- puzzle book

- quarto book

- rag book

- ragged old book

- rare book

- readable book

- reading book

- recipe book

- red book

- reference book

- reject book

- religious books

- restricted book

- reworked book

- riddle book

- road book

- rolled book

- rubricated book

- rush book

- saddle-stitched book

- saleable book

- scarce books

- scholarly book

- script book

- second-hand book

- self-covered book

- semipopular books

- series books

- sex book

- sewed book

- side-wired book

- singing book

- softbound book

- softbound mass market books

- softbound trade books

- sound-recorded book

- specialized book

- specimen book

- spring book

- square book

- stabbed book

- stapled book

- stiff book

- stitched book

- subscription book

- summer book

- supplementary books

- talking book

- thrilling book

- thumb book

- thumb-indexed book

- trade book

- travel book

- trimmed flush book

- two-shot book

- two-up book

- type specification book

- type specimen book

- unbacked book

- unbound book

- uncut book

- undated book

- university press book

- unpaged book

- unprocessed books

- unpublished book

- untrimmed book

- used book

- vacation book

- visiting book

- visitors' book

- waiting list book

- washing book

- white book

- wide-margined book

- winter book

- wire-bound book

- withdrawal book

- work book

- worn book

- wrapped book

- writing book

- yellow book

- young adult book

- xylographic book

Англо-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > book
17 book

1. книга, литературное произведение

book edge — обрез книги

red book — красная книга

big book — большая книга

book back — корешок книги

dry book — скучная книга

2. том; издание

a hefty book — увесистый том

producing a book — издание книги

book in part — издание в выпусках

book in parts — издание в выпусках

book in number — издание в выпусках

3. азбука

4. букварь

abroad books

A-B-C book — букварь

5. литература, отпечатанная за рубежом

children's book — детская литература

travel book — туристическая литература

dirt book market — книжный рынок бульварной литературы

juvenile book sector — сектор или секция литературы для юношества

sales of children's book clubs — реализация детской литературы через клубы любителей детской книги

6. зарубежная литература

accession book — инвентарная книга

address book — адресная книга, адресный справочник

adult book — книга для взрослых читателей

adult hardbound trade books — книги торгового ассортимента для взрослых читателей в твёрдой переплётной крышке

adult paperbound books — книги для взрослых читателей в бумажной обложке

adventure books — приключенческая литература

allusion book — сборник ссылок к произведениям известного писателя

alphabetical book — книга с алфавитным расположением материала

ancient book — антикварная книга

annotated book — книга, снабжённая примечаниями

anopistographic block book — книга с текстом, отпечатанным с деревянных досок на одной стороне листа

antiquarian book — антикварная книга

apocryphal books — апокрифы

art book — книга по искусству

assembled book — подобранный книжный блок

as-told-to book — книга, созданная писателем по устным рассказам или запискам известной личности

audio book — книга, начитанная на кассету

autumn book — книга, которая выйдет в свет осенью

auxiliary book — приложение; указатель к печатному изданию

award-winning books — призовые издания

backlist books — книги, находящиеся в печати

bargain book — книга, продаваемая по значительно сниженной цене

best-selling book — бестселлер, ходкая книга

big book — книга с хорошо организованным рынком сбыта

biography books — биографическая литература

to flood the book market with dirt — наводнить книжный рынок бульварной или порнографической литературой

7. бухгалтерская отчётно-конторская книга

book corner — уголок книги

book of books — книга книг

cheap book — дешевая книга

debt book — долговая книга

dull book — скучная книга

8. книга, состоящая из чистых листов-бланков для записей

block book — книга, отпечатанная с деревянных форм; ксилографическая книга

open book — открытая книга

order book — книга заказов

size of book — объем книги

slow book — скучная книга

stack of book — стопа книг

9. "Синяя книга"; книга, содержащая официальные материалы английского парламента

till book — кассовая книга

area book — зональная книга

book of acts — книга деяний

cargo book — грузовая книга

tough book — суровая книга

10. "Синяя книга" правительств штатов США

business and professional books — деловая и профессиональная литература

career books — литература о выборе профессии

cartoon book — сборник карикатур

casebound book — книга в твёрдой переплётной крышке

cataloged book — каталогизированная книга, книга, внесённая в каталог

caved-in book — книга с вогнутым внутрь обложки передним обрезом

a book of life — книга жизни

a yawny book — скучная книга

book selling — продажа книг

chant book — певческая книга

lost book — утраченная книга

11. детская книга

book pocket — кармашек книги

sex book — эротическая книга

shoddy book — дрянная книга

stodgy book — скучная книга

Blue Book — " Голубая книга "

12. детская литература

circulation book — книга отдела абонемента, книга, подлежащая выдаче

children's picture book — детска книжка — картинка

13. книга заказов

Red data book — Красная книга

book opening — разворот книги

book trade — торговля книгами

fusty book — устаревшая книга

learned book — мудрёная книга

14. книга, изданная целиком на средства автора

composite book — сборник

computer printed book — издание, полученное на распечатывающем устройстве ЭВМ

contents book — блок-карточный каталог для записи содержания книг, заглавий, томов или номеров периодических и серийных изданий

controlled-vocabulary books — книги, написанные с использованием ограниченного словаря

controversial book — книга, вызывающая противоречивые отклики

cookery book — поваренная книга

course books — книги для юношества о выборе идеала

curious book — книга курьёзов

current book — текущее издание

cut flush book — книга, обрезанная после вставки блока в переплётную крышку или крытья обложкой

dated book — устаревшая книга

produced a book — издал книгу

pull a book — разбирать книгу

vestry book — церковная книга

book design — оформление книги

book finishing — отделка книги

15. настольная книга

book note — аннотация на книгу

book of Mormon — книга Мормона

book pathology — старение книг

bulletin book — книга приказов

business book — торговая книга

16. справочник

desk-top reference book — настольный справочник

data book — справочник

hand book — справочник

reference book — справочник

book of reference — справочник

road book — дорожный справочник

17. книга, полученная в дар; дарственный экземпляр

callsign book — книга позывных

pulled a book — разобрал книгу

recipe book — кулинарная книга

run on a book — спрос на книгу

scholarly book — научная книга

18. книга регистрации подаренных изданий

double title book — книга с двойным титулом; книга с двойным названием

dwarf book — миниатюрная книга

early printed book — старопечатная книга

script book — рукописная книга

to read a book — читать книгу

bind a book — переплетать книгу

book balance — сальдо по книгам

book in sheets — книга в листах

19. учебник

lesson book — учебник

instruction book — учебник

grammar book — учебник грамматики

educational book — учебник, учебное пособие

to crack a book — открыть учебник и начать долбить

20. педагогическая книга

elephantine book — книга на дощечках из слоновой кости

el-hi books — учебники для начальной и средней школ

embossed book — книга для слепых с выпуклыми печатными знаками

exercise book — тетрадь

extra book — дополнительно выданная книга

book parcel — посылка с книгами

cashier's book — кассовая книга

commission book — книга заказов

produce a book — издавать книгу

reject book — бракованная книга

21. популярно написанная книга; научно-популярная книга

a book on birds — книга о птицах

book building — композиция книги

book designer — оформитель книги

book holder — подставка для книг

book of complaints — книга жалоб

22. книга о событиях

fall book — книга, которая выйдет в свет осенью

faulty book — испорченная книга

fiction book — беллетристическое произведение

film book — микрофильмированная книга

signal book — сигнальный код

book of samples — книга образцов

book on art — книга по искусству

clever book — талантливая книга

day book — журнал; книга записей

23. книга для начального чтения

clip book — альбом для вырезок

delightful book — занятная книга

this book is hers — эта книга её

to publish a book — издать книгу

book allowance — деньги на книги

24. первый сборник упражнений по чтению и правописанию

fiscal blue book — "Синяя книга" английского правительства, содержащая статистические и данные о промышленности и торговле

floxed book — книга с пятнами плесени

folded book — книга-раскладка; книга, страницы которой сложены "гармошкой", книга-ширма

folio book — книга форматом в пол-листа

foreign book — иностранная книга

forthcoming book — книга, которая скоро выйдет в свет

fragrance books — ароматизированные книги

free bonus book — бесплатная книга-премия

full-color picture books — многокрасочные книжки-картинки

game book — сборник игр; книжка-забава

code book — сборник кодов

fable book — сборник басен

problem book — сборник задач

funny book — сборник комиксов

riddle book — сборник загадок

25. книга, об издании которой было объявлено, но которая не издавалась

gift book — подарочная книга

gilt-edged book — книга с позолоченными обрезами

gilt top book — книга с позолоченным верхним обрезом

golden book — "золотая книга", в которую золотыми буквами вписывались фамилии итальянской знати

guard book — книга с прокладками для выравнивания корешка по толщине

handy book — книга, удобная для пользования

hardbound book — книга в твёрдой переплётной крышке

hard-cover mass market books — книги массового ассортимента в твёрдой переплётной крышке

hard-cover supplementary reading books — книги для дополнительного чтения в твёрдой переплётной крышке

hard-cover trade books — книги торгового ассортимента в твёрдой переплётной крышке

heavily used book — книга, пользующаяся большим спросом; зачитанная книга

higher-priced paper book — книга, печатаемая на дорогостоящей бумаге

book support — подставка для книг

class book — педагогическая книга

demands book — книга учета заявок

table-top book — настольная книга

telephone book — телефонная книга

26. сборник увлечений

hobby book — сборник увлечений

drill book — сборник упражнений

vesper book — сборник песнопений

book of precedents — сборник судебных прецедентов

to assemble a book — составлять книгу; делать сборник

27. книга об увлечениях

honor book — издание, получившее премию на конкурсе

hot-melt book — блок, скреплённый термоклеем

how-to book — практическое руководство

illuminated book — богато иллюстрированная книга

illustrated book — иллюстрированная книга

imposition book — сборник вариантов раскладки бумажного листа; сборник вариантов фальцовки

informational books — информативная литература

inner book — книжный блок

insetted book — книжный блок, вставленный в переплётную крышку

junior book — детская книга

juvenile books — литература для юношества

juvenile trade books — юношеская литература торгового ассортимента

know-how book — руководство; самоучитель

law book — свод законов

leather-backed book — книга с кожаным корешком

leather-bound book — книга в кожаном переплёте

the doom of a book — провал книги

to back a book — переплести книгу

to get a book — приобрести книгу

visiting book — книга посетителей

account book — бухгалтерская книга

28. письмовник

29. журнал исходящей корреспонденции

library book — библиотечная книга

limited-field book — книга узко ограниченной тематики

literary-bibliographical reference book — литературно-библиографический справочник

literary classics book — сборник произведений классической литературы

little-used book — малочитаемая книга

bridge book — вахтенный журнал

charge book — плавочный журнал

flight book — бортовой журнал

Blue book — журнал спецификаций

record book — журнал наблюдений

30. непереплетённая книга

book on approval — книга на отзыве

inventory book — инвентарная книга

legible book — удобочитаемая книга

manuscript book — рукописная книга

moral book — нравоучительная книга

31. блок, скреплённый разъёмными скобами

book sewing — шитье блоков

book joint — закраина блока

book nipping — обжим блоков

book shoulder — закраина блока

book spine — корешок книжного блока

32. книга со свободно скреплёнными листами; издание в виде листков

lost book

the back of a book — корешок книги

the book lies open — книга открыта

to hunt for a book — искать книгу

to open a book — раскрывать книгу

to set up a book — набирать книгу

33. утраченная книга

visitors' book — книга посетителей

adapted book — адаптированная книга

antiquated book — антикварная книга

body of book — главная часть книги

book carriage — подставка для книг

34. книга, о существовании которой известно только по библиографическим или литературным источникам

mail-order books — книги, издаваемые и распространяемые по почтовым заказам потребителей

book debt — долг по расчётной книге

book price — цена по торговой книге

book production — изготовление книг

book publication — публикация книги

book reviewer — литературный критик

35. книги по смежным вопросам

edition-bound book — тиражная книга

missing book — отсутствующая книга

readable book — удобочитаемая книга

to get out a book — выпустить книгу

book box — футляр для хранения книги

36. книги спорного содержания

mass market books — книги массового ассортимента

medalist books — издания, награждённые медалью выставки

medical books — медицинская литература

memo book — записная книжка

microfiche book — книга, записанная на микрофишах

mismatched book — неправильно подобранный блок

monthly books — ежемесячные издания

multipage book — многостраничная книга

multivolume book — многотомная книга, многотомник

music book — книга по музыке

new book — новая книга, новое поступление

noncirculating book — книга, не подлежащая выдаче

nonfiction book — книга научного содержания

novelty book — книжная новинка

objectionable books — книги предосудительного содержания

obsolete book — вышедшая из употребления книга; устаревшая книга

odd-sized book — книга нестандартного формата

old and used book — букинистическая книга

one-shot book — блок, скреплённый одноразовым нанесением клея

one-up book — одинарный блок

one-volume book — однотомная книга, однотомник

outsize book — книга необычно большого формата

book of remembrance — памятная книга

book ornamentation — украшение книги

desideratum book — книга — дезидерат

frivolous book — поверхностная книга

overrated book — перехваленная книга

37. книга в бумажной обложке

book cover — книжная обложка

reworked book — переработанная книга

to produce a book — выпустить книгу

an account book — бухгалтерская книга

betting book — книга для записей пари

38. брошюра

personalized books — детская литература, печатаемая избранными родителями кеглем и рисунком шрифта

phone book — телефонный справочник, телефонная книга

picture book — книга-картинка

pirated book — книга, изданная без разрешения владельца авторского права

play book — сборник пьес

pocket book — книга карманного формата

pocket reference book — карманный справочник

poetry books — поэтическая литература

pop-out picture book — книжка-игрушка с поднимающимися при раскрывании рисунками

pop-up book — книжка-игрушка

prayer book — молитвенник

preperforated book — предварительно перфорированная книга

prescribed book — рекомендованная для чтения книга

press book — книга, выпущенная частным издательством

preview book — буклет с выдержками из готовящейся к печати книги

printed book — печатная книга

saddle-stitched book — брошюра, сшитая внакидку

39. задачник

40. сборник задач

processed books — книги, прошедшие библиотечную обработку

professional books — профессиональная литература; литература по специальности

pulled book — расшитая книга

puzzle book — сборник головоломок

quarto book — книга в формате кварто

rag book — детская книга, отпечатанная на высокопрочной тряпичной бумаге

ragged old book — старая истрёпанная книга

fake book — песенник, сборник текстов популярных песен

run book — документация по задаче; книга регистрации вычислительных работ

high-interest low-reading level book — сборник произведений, интересных для школьников

41. хорошо написанная книга

book review — рецензия на новую книгу

closed book — книга за семью печатями

property book — книга учета имущества

rare book section — отдел редких книг

seminal book — основополагающая книга

42. удобочитаемая книга

reading book — книга для чтения

superficial book — несерьёзная книга

the message of the book — идея книги

this book stinks — это паршивая книга

to adapt a book — адаптировать книгу

to move a book off — отодвинуть книгу

43. "Красная книга"; официальная книга пэров

to recast a book — переработать книгу

to revise a book — переработать книгу

absorbing book — увлекательная книга

book gilding — золочение обрезов книги

factual book — научно-популярная книга

44. порнографическая книга

patchy book — неровно написанная книга

the book belongs to me — это моя книга

to review a book — рецензировать книгу

topical book — остросовременная книга

vicious book — книга, развращающая умы

45. эротическая книга

sewed book — книга, сшитая нитками

side-wired book — книга, скреплённая проволокой втачку

singing book — песенник, сборник песен

softbound book — книга в обложке

softbound mass market books — книги массового ассортимента в обложке

softbound trade books — книги торгового ассортимента в обложке

sound-recorded book — "говорящая книга", книга со звуковым приложением

specialized book — книга по специальности

specimen book — каталог образцов шрифтов

spring book — книга, которая выйдет в свет весной

square book — книга, ширина которой больше 3

stabbed book — книга, сшитая втачку

stapled book — книга, скреплённая металлическими скобами

stiff book — трудно раскрывающаяся книга

stitched book — сшитая книга; сброшюрованная книга

subscription book — подписная книга

summer book — книга, которая выйдет в свет летом

supplementary books — дополнительная литература

talking book — "говорящая" книга, книга со звуковым приложением

thrilling book — книга захватывающего содержания

thumb book — миниатюрная книга

book gilding — золочение обрезов книги

book under review — рецензируемая книга

filmed book — микрофильмированная книга

he picked out a book — он вытащил книгу

indifferent book — посредственная книга

46. литература массового издания

book in many volumes — многотомное издание

vest pocket book — книга карманного издания

license a book — давать право на издание книги

deluxe edition of book — роскошное издание книги

licensing a book — дающий право на издание книги

47. книги торгового ассортимента

travel book

long book — большая бухгалтерская книга

loose-leaf book — непереплетенная книга

pretentious book — претенциозная книга

the damnation of a book — разнос книги

thoughtful book — содержательная книга

48. книга о путешествиях

to dip into a book — перелистать книгу

to gut a book — понять содержание книги

to hammer at a book — штудировать книгу

young adult book — книга для подростков

a book of travels — книга о путешествиях

49. туристическая литература

trimmed flush book — книга, поля которой обрезаны вместе с обложкой

two-shot book — блок, скреплённый бесшвейным способом с двукратным нанесением клея

two-up book — двойник, двойной блок

type specification book — книга с образцами шрифтов, каталог шрифтов

unbacked book — книжный блок

unbound book — непереплетённая книга

uncut book — необрезанная книга

undated book — недатированная книга, книга без выходной даты

university press book — университетское издание

unpaged book — книга с ненумерованными страницами, книга без пагинации

unprocessed books — необработанные книги

unpublished book — неизданная книга; книга в рукописи

untrimmed book — необрезанная книга

used book — подержанная книга

vacation book — "лёгкая" для чтения книга

50. книга из списка "на очередь"

black book — чёрный список

be on the book — быть в списках

an example of a book — экземпляр книги

antiquarian book — букинистическая книга

desk book — настольная книга; справочник

51. книга из списка дезидератов

washing book — моющаяся книга

white book — "Белая книга" ; книга, содержащая отчёт о деятельности английского правительства

wide-margined book — книга с широкими полями

winter book — книга, которая выйдет в свет зимой

wire-bound book — книга, скреплённая проволокой

withdrawal book — книга регистрации исключений из фонда

work book — сборник упражнений

worn book — физически изношенная книга

wrapped book — книга в суперобложке

writing book — книга с чистыми листами; записная книжка

yellow book — "Жёлтая книга" ; книга, содержащая отчёт о деятельности правительства

first printed book — первопечатная книга

getup of book — внешнее оформление книги

second-hand book — букинистическая книга

taped the section of a book — сшил книгу

to cut up a book — раскритиковать книгу

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > book
18 area

n

1) район; область; зона; регион

2) область деятельности, сфера деятельности, область исследования, сфера исследования, сфера применения, область применения

•

to be in control of an area — контролировать район

to clear an area — очищать район / зону (от кого-л.)

to close off an area — оцеплять район; закрывать доступ в район

to comb an area — прочесывать район

to cordon off an area — оцеплять район; закрывать доступ в район

to declare a state an ecological disaster area — объявлять штат зоной экологического бедствия

to enter an area illegally — незаконно проникать в какой-л. район

to fight over an area — воевать за какой-л. район

to gain control of an area — устанавливать контроль над районом

to keep a grip on an area — удерживать какой-л. район

to look at areas showing most promise — рассматривать вопросы, по которым существует наибольшая вероятность достижения соглашения

to police an area — следить за соблюдением правопорядка в каком-л. районе

to recapture an area for a party — восстанавливать влияние политической партии в каком-л. районе

to regenerate an area — возрождать какой-л. район

to relinquish an area — покидать / оставлять район

to rope / to seal off an area — оцеплять район; закрывать доступ в район

- whites only area
- affluent area
- AFTA
- agricultural area
- area affected by smth
- area at the center of the dispute between smb
- area has been closed to foreign correspondents
- area is under a dusk-to-dawn curfew
- area of concern
- area of condition
- area of co-operation
- area of discussion
- area of disturbances
- area of economic activity
- area of international strife
- area of social life
- area of spending
- area of success
- area of unrest
- areas of agreement
- areas of disagreement
- Asian Free Trade Area
- assembly area
- border area
- built-up area
- catchment area
- city area
- closed area
- closed military area
- concentration area
- conservancy area
- currency area
- danger area
- densely populated area
- depressed area
- deprived area
- devastated area
- developed area
- developing area
- disaster area
- disaster-prone area
- disproportionately developed area
- disputed area
- disputed border area
- distressed area
- dollar area
- drought-affected area
- drought-stricken area
- earthquake-prone area
- ecologic disaster area
- ecological disaster area
- economic area
- economically backward area
- emergency area
- enemy-occupied area
- environmentally sensitive area
- famine-hit area
- flooded area
- free trade area
- fundamental area of contention
- geographical area
- government-controlled area
- grain-growing area
- guerilla-held area
- heavily populated area
- highly politicized area
- impacted area
- industrial area
- irrigated area
- key area
- lethal area
- liberated area
- littoral area
- logistical area
- main area of discussion
- market area
- metropolitan area
- model area
- monetary area
- national-liberation movement area
- navigation area
- negotiating area
- neutral area
- no-go area
- North American Free Trade Area
- occupied area
- oil-producing area
- populated area
- predominantly Protestant area
- priority area
- prohibited area
- residential area
- restricted area
- rioted area
- rural area
- safe area
- sensitive area
- service area
- shipping area
- sparsely populated area
- specified area
- staging area
- sterling area
- strategic area
- strike-affected areas
- thinly populated area
- tightly guarded area
- trade area
- trading area
- trouble area
- underdeveloped area
- underprivileged area
- uninhabited area
- unrest area
- unsettled area
- urban area
- volatile area

Politics english-russian dictionary > area
19 slump

I [slʌmp]
nome

1) (in trade, price) crollo m., caduta f. (in di)

to experience a slump — [ market] subire un crollo

2) (in popularity) calo m.; (in support) perdita f. (in di)

the party is experiencing a slump — il partito è in crisi
II [slʌmp]
verbo intransitivo

1) [price, market] subire un crollo

2) [support, popularity] essere in forte calo

3) [ person] lasciarsi cadere, accasciarsi

* * *
1. verb
1) (to fall or sink suddenly and heavily: He slumped wearily into a chair.) abbandonarsi, lasciarsi cadere

2) ((of prices, stocks, trade etc) to become less; to lose value suddenly: Business has slumped.) crollare
2. noun
1) (a sudden fall in value, trade etc: a slump in prices.) ribasso, crollo

2) (a time of very bad economic conditions, with serious unemployment etc; a depression: There was a serious slump in the 1930s.) crisi

* * *
[slʌmp]
1. n

(gen) caduta, crollo, (in production, sales) calo, crollo, (economic) crisi f inv, depressione f

the slump in the price of copper — il crollo del prezzo del rame

a slump in property prices — un crollo dei prezzi delle case

the slump of the early 1980s — la crisi dei primi anni '80

2. vi

1) (price etc) cadere, crollare, (production, sales) calare, diminuire, (fig : morale etc) abbassarsi

profits have slumped — i profitti sono crollati

2)

to slump into a chair — lasciarsi cadere su una sedia

he was slumped over the wheel — era accasciato sul volante

* * *
slump /slʌmp/
n.

1 (econ.) caduta dei prezzi; ribasso improvviso; crollo: a slump in prices, (comm.) un crollo dei prezzi; ( Borsa) una flessione nei corsi azionari; (fin.) stock slump, caduta del valore dei titoli azionari

2 (econ.) crisi; recessione; depressione; congiuntura bassa: There's a slump on the stock exchange, la Borsa è in crisi; the booms and slumps of the business cycle, i boom e le recessioni del ciclo economico

3 (fig.) calo d'interesse; apatia; disinteresse improvviso

4 (geol.) frana sottomarina

5 ( sport: baseball, ecc.) serie negativa

● (econ.) slump symptoms, sintomi recessivi; nodi congiunturali.
(to) slump /slʌmp/
v. i.

1 (econ.: dei prezzi) ribassare all'improvviso; subire una forte flessione; crollare

2 (econ.: dei traffici, ecc.) contrarsi (o ridursi) d'un tratto; entrare in crisi

3 abbandonarsi; lasciarsi cadere; accasciarsi; crollare: He slumped ( down) onto the sofa, si lasciò cadere sul divano

4 cadere pesantemente

5 ( di interesse, energia, ecc.) calare fortemente

● to slump over, andare a gambe all'aria.

* * *
I [slʌmp]
nome

1) (in trade, price) crollo m., caduta f. (in di)

to experience a slump — [ market] subire un crollo

2) (in popularity) calo m.; (in support) perdita f. (in di)

the party is experiencing a slump — il partito è in crisi
II [slʌmp]
verbo intransitivo

1) [price, market] subire un crollo

2) [support, popularity] essere in forte calo

3) [ person] lasciarsi cadere, accasciarsi

English-Italian dictionary > slump
20 debt

det сущ. долг bad debt cancel a debt collect a debt contract debts discharge a debt incur a debt get into debt go into debt outstanding debt pay off a debt recover a debt repudiate a debt run into debt run up a debt settle a debt unsettled debt wipe out a debt write off a debt debt of gratitude debt of honour долг, долговое обязательство;
задолженность - bad * безнадежный долг - consolidated * долгосрочное обязательство - privileged * первоочередной долг - secured * долг с гарантированным возвратом - small *s мелкие долги( подсудные судам графств или шерифским судам) - national * государственный долг - * burden налоговое бремя;
внешний долг - the country's burden has tripled внешний долг страны возрос втрое - * collector сборщик налогов, агент по взысканию долгов - * owed by smb. чей-л. долг - * owed to smb. долг кому-л. - * (to the amount) of ten pounds долг в сумме десяти фунтов - * of honour долг чести, особ. карточный долг - an action of * (юридическое) дело о взыскании долга - to be in * иметь долги - to be deep /deeply, heavily/ in * сильно задолжать, быть кругом в долгу - to be head and ears in *, to be head over ears /eyes/ in *, to be up to one's ears /one's eyes/ in * быть в долгу, как в шелку, быть по уши в долгах - to be five pounds in * иметь долгов на сумму в пять фунтов, быть должным пять фунтов - to be in smb.'s *, to be in * to smb. быть у кого-л. в долгу - to fall /to get, to run/ into * влезть в долги - to contract *s наделать долгов - to incur *s войти в долги - to be out of * (больше) не иметь долгов - to get out of * расплатиться с долгами - to keep out of * не делать долгов - to collect a * взыскать долг долг, моральное обязательство - * of gratitude долг благодарности - to be in the * of everybody быть перед всеми в долгу - to put oneself in the * of smb. сделаться чьим-л. должником, быть обязанным кому-л. за оказанную услугу (библеизм) грех, прегрешение - forgive us our *s прости нам наши прегрешения > the * of /to/ nature кончина, смерть > to pay one's * to nature, to pay one's last * скончаться, почить accumulated ~ накопившийся долг acknowledge a ~ признавать долг assume liability for the ~ брать на себя ответственность по долгам bank ~ банковский долг bank ~ долг банку bank ~ задолженность по банковской ссуде to be in (smb.'s) ~ быть (у кого-л.) в долгу;
I am very much in your debt я вам очень обязан be in ~ быть в долгу be in ~ иметь долг bill ~ долг по векселю bond ~ долг по облигации business ~ долг по сделке cancel a ~ аннулировать долг cancelled ~ списанный долг central government ~ государственный долг college ~ учебная задолженность company ~ долг компании consolidate short-term ~ консолидировать краткосрочный долг consolidated ~ консолидированный долг contract a ~ сделать долг contract ~ брать в долг contract ~ принимать на себя долг ~ долг;
to contract debts наделать долгов;
to incur a debt, to get (или to run) into debt влезть в долги contractual ~ договорной долг cumulative taking over of ~ совокупное принятие долга current ~ текущий долг current management of ~ текущее регулирование долговых отношений customs ~ таможенный долг debt (библ.) грех, прегрешение ~ долг, долговое обязательство ~ долг;
to contract debts наделать долгов;
to incur a debt, to get (или to run) into debt влезть в долги ~ долг ~ долговое обязательство ~ долговой инструмент ~ задолженность ~ обязательство ~ evidenced by certificates долг, подтвержденный сертификатами a bad ~ безнадежный долг;
debt of gratitude долг благодарности ~ of honour долг чести;
he is heavily in debt = он в долгу как в шелку ~ of honour долг чести ~ of honour карточный долг ~ of record долг, установленный в судебном порядке ~ service уплата капитального долга и процентов по государственному долгу service: debt ~ обслуживание долга ~ to banks задолженность банкам ~ to be collected at the debtor's residence долг, подлежащий взысканию по месту жительства должника ~ to be paid at the creditor's residence долг, подлежащий взысканию по месту жительства кредитора ~ to the government задолженность правительству deferred ~ отсроченный долг desperate ~ безнадежный долг discharge a ~ платить долг discharge a ~ погасить долг doubtful ~ сомнительная задолженность doubtful ~ сомнительный долг established ~ установленный долг executory ~ долг, подлежащий взысканию external bond ~ внешний долг external ~ внешний долг factor a ~ взыскивать долг floating ~ краткосрочная задолженность floating ~ неконсолидированный долг floating ~ текущая задолженность floating: ~ rate (of exchange) фин. свободно колеблющийся курс валюты;
floating debt текущая задолженность;
краткосрочный долг foreign currency ~ долг в иностранной валюте foreign ~ внешняя задолженность foreign national ~ государственный внешний долг forgive a ~ отказываться от получения долга forgive a ~ прощать долг funded ~ долгосрочное обязательство funded ~ консолидированный долг funded ~ различные виды облигаций компании funded: ~ фундированный;
помещенный в государственные бумаги;
funded debt фундированный долг;
долгосрочные государственные займы future ~ будущая задолженность future ~ будущее обязательство gambling ~ игорный долг gambling ~ карточный долг general ~ общая задолженность general ~ общее обязательство ~ долг;
to contract debts наделать долгов;
to incur a debt, to get (или to run) into debt влезть в долги ~ of honour долг чести;
he is heavily in debt = он в долгу как в шелку heavy ~ большая задолженность to be in (smb.'s) ~ быть (у кого-л.) в долгу;
I am very much in your debt я вам очень обязан ~ долг;
to contract debts наделать долгов;
to incur a debt, to get (или to run) into debt влезть в долги incur a ~ принимать на себя долг incur ~ влезать в долг instalment ~ задолженность по ссудам с рассрочкой платежа instalment on a ~ частичный платеж по долгу interest on ~ проценты по долгу interest-bearing ~ долг под проценты internal ~ внутренний долг intervention ~ посреднический долг joint ~ общий долг joint ~ совокупный долг judgment ~ долг, признанный в судебном решении judgment ~ присужденный долг junior ~ незначительный долг long-term ~ долгосрочный долг maintenance ~ задолженность по алиментам medium-term ~ среднесрочная задолженность monetary ~ денежный долг mortgage ~ долг по ипотечному залогу mortgage ~ ипотечная задолженность national ~ государственный долг net external ~ чистый внешний долг net foreign ~ чистая сумма внешнего долга noninterest bearing ~ беспроцентный долг nonprovable ~ неподтверждаемый долг onerous ~ обременительный долг ordinary ~ обычный долг other ~ прочая задолженность outstanding ~ неоплаченный долг outstanding ~ непогашенный долг outstanding ~ неуплаченный долг outstanding ~ просроченный долг outstanding: ~ неуплаченный;
просроченный;
outstanding debt невыплаченный долг, непогашенная задолженность passive ~ беспроцентный долг permanent ~ консолидированный долг perpetual ~ бессрочный долг petty ~ мелкий долг preferential ~ долг, погашаемый в первую очередь prepreferential ~ долг, погашаемый в первую очередь private foreign ~ внешняя задолженность частного сектора privileged ~ долг, погашаемый в первую очередь provable ~ банкрот. долг, который может быть доказан prove a ~ банкрот. доказать наличие долга public ~ государственный долг public: ~ peace общественный порядок;
public debt государственный долг recover ~ взыскивать долг reduce a ~ уменьшать долг release from ~ освобождать от уплаты долга remaining ~ остаток долга remit a ~ освобождать от уплаты долга repay a ~ погашать долг residual ~ остаток долга secured ~ долг, гарантированный залогом активов secured ~ обеспеченный долг senior ~ долг, погашаемый в первую очередь service a ~ обслуживать долг service ~ погашать долг short-term ~ краткосрочный долг single ~ безусловное денежное обязательство specialty ~ долг по документу за печатью state ~ государственный долг statute-barred ~ долг, не имеющий исковой силы вследствие истечения срока давности straight ~ долг, не покрытый обеспечением study ~ ссуда на научные исследования subordinate ~ второстепенный долг subordinated ~ субординированный долг tax ~ задолженность по налогам total ~ общая задолженность total ~ общая сумма долга trade ~ задолженность по торговым операциям unascertained ~ неустановленный долг unpaid ~ неуплаченный долг unsecured ~ необеспеченный долг

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > debt

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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to trade heavily

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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to trade heavily

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